Volume 1, Issue 2 (3-2022)
Zoonosis 2022, 1(2): 23-44 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Basirpour B. Toxoplasmosis: biology, immunology and diagnosis. Zoonosis 2022; 1 (2) :23-44
URL: http://zoonosis.ir/article-1-21-en.html
URL: http://zoonosis.ir/article-1-21-en.html
, baharebasirpour@gmail.com
Abstract: (962 Views)
Toxoplasmosis is one of the essential zoonotic parasitic diseases caused by Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasmosis may be asymptomatic or cause subclinical manifestations in immunocompetent people, but it is life-threatening in immunodeficient patients and causes serious problems, especially in the central nervous system. Furthermore, congenital toxoplasma is harmful to the fetus and may lead to abortion. Due to the above, knowing the parasite biology, the interaction between the parasite and the host immune system, and diagnostic methods is crucial to preventing harmful damage and finding better treatment. In this article, the taxonomy and morphology of T. gondii are reviewed, and the immunological characteristics of T. gondii are summarized. Due to the importance of an appropriate diagnosis, we summed up some of the diagnostic methods
Book Review: Review Article |
Received: 2021/08/10 | Accepted: 2031/03/9 | Published: 2022/03/20
Received: 2021/08/10 | Accepted: 2031/03/9 | Published: 2022/03/20
References
1. Zhao X-Y, Ewald SE. The molecular biology and immune control of chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2020;130(7):3370-80. [DOI:10.1172/JCI136226] [PMID] [PMCID]
2. Shapiro K, Bahia-Oliveira L, Dixon B, Dumètre A, de Wit LA, VanWormer E, et al. Environmental transmission of Toxoplasma gondii: Oocysts in water, soil and food. Food and Waterborne Parasitology. 2019;15: e00049. [DOI:10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00049] [PMID] [PMCID]
3. Dalimi A, Abdoli A. Latent toxoplasmosis and human. Iranian journal of parasitology. 2012;7(1):1.
4. Chaudhry SA, Gad N, Koren G. Toxoplasmosis and pregnancy. Canadian Family Physician. 2014;60(4):334-6.
5. Matta SK, Rinkenberger N, Dunay IR, Sibley LD. Toxoplasma gondii infection and its implications within the central nervous system. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2021;19(7):467-80. [DOI:10.1038/s41579-021-00518-7] [PMID]
6. Levine ND. Taxonomy of Toxoplasma. The Journal of Protozoology. 1977;24(1):36-41. [DOI:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1977.tb05278.x] [PMID]
7. Montazeri M, Sharif M, Sarvi S, Mehrzadi S, Ahmadpour E, Daryani A. A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo activities of anti-Toxoplasma drugs and compounds (2006-2016). Frontiers in microbiology. 2017; 8:25. [DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2017.00025] [PMID] [PMCID]
8. Hill DE, Dubey JP. Toxoplasma gondii. Foodborne Parasites: Springer; 2018. p. 119-38. [DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-67664-7_6] [PMCID]
9. Dubey JP. The history of Toxoplasma gondii-the first 100 years. Journal of eukaryotic microbiology. 2008;55(6):467-75. [DOI:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2008.00345.x] [PMID]
10. Hartmann AG, Nishith. Multiple routes of phosphatidylethanolamine biogenesis ensure membrane integrity of Toxoplasma gondii 2016.
11. Speer C, Clark S, Dubey J. Ultrastructure of the oocysts, sporocysts, and sporozoites of Toxoplasma gondii. The Journal of parasitology. 1998;84(3):505-12. [DOI:10.2307/3284713] [PMID]
12. Attias M, Teixeira DE, Benchimol M, Vommaro RC, Crepaldi PH, De Souza W. The life-cycle of Toxoplasma gondii reviewed using animations. Parasites & Vectors. 2020;13(1):1-13. [DOI:10.1186/s13071-020-04445-z] [PMID] [PMCID]
13. Kaufman HE, Melton ML, Remington JS, Jacobs L. Strain Differences of Toxoplasma gondii. Journal of Parasitology. 1959;45(2):189-90. [DOI:10.2307/3286527] [PMID]
14. Bhopale G. Pathogenesis of toxoplasmosis. Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases. 2003;26(4):213-22. [DOI:10.1016/S0147-9571(02)00058-9]
15. Lyons R, Johnson A. Gene sequence and transcription differences in 70 kDa heat shock protein correlate with murine virulence of Toxoplasma gondii. International journal for parasitology. 1998;28(7):1041-51. [DOI:10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00074-5]
16. Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of animals and humans: CRC press; 2016. [DOI:10.1201/9781420092370]
17. Kavitha N, Noordin R, Chan K-L, Sasidharan S. In vitro anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of root extract/fractions of Eurycoma longifolia Jack. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2012;12(1):91. [DOI:10.1186/1472-6882-12-91] [PMID] [PMCID]
18. Kavitha N, Noordin R, Kit-Lam C, Sasidharan S. Real time anti-Toxoplasma gondii activity of an active fraction of Eurycoma longifolia root studied by in situ scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Molecules. 2012;17(8):9207-19. [DOI:10.3390/molecules17089207] [PMID] [PMCID]
19. Ybañez RHD, Ybañez AP, Nishikawa Y. Review on the Current Trends of Toxoplasmosis Serodiagnosis in Humans. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2020;10. [DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00204] [PMID] [PMCID]
20. Al Nasr I, Ahmed F, Pullishery F, El-Ashram S, Ramaiah VV. Toxoplasmosis and anti-Toxoplasma effects of medicinal plant extracts-A mini-review. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine. 2016;9(8):730-4. [DOI:10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.06.012] [PMID]
21. Weiss SKHaLM. TOXOPLASMOSIS. 2013.
22. Sharif M, Sarvi S, Pagheh AS, Asfaram S, Rahimi MT, Mehrzadi S, et al. The efficacy of herbal medicines against Toxoplasma gondii during the last 3 decades: a systematic review. Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology. 2016;94(12):1237-48. [DOI:10.1139/cjpp-2016-0039] [PMID]
23. Yuliawati I, Nasronudin N. Pathogenesis, Diagnostic and Management of Toxoplasmosis. Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease. 2015;5(4):100-5. [DOI:10.20473/ijtid.v5i4.2008]
24. Jones JL, Lopez A, Wilson M. Congenital toxoplasmosis. American family physician. 2003;67(10):2131-8.
25. HALONEN SK, WEISS LM. TOXOPLASMA GONDII: BRIEF HISTORY AND OVERVIEW. Neuroparasitology and Tropical Neurology. 2013:125. [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-444-53490-3.00008-X] [PMID] [PMCID]
26. Furtado JM, Smith JR, Belfort Jr R, Gattey D, Winthrop KL. Toxoplasmosis: a global threat. Journal of global infectious diseases. 2011;3(3):281. [DOI:10.4103/0974-777X.83536] [PMID] [PMCID]
27. Delair E, Latkany P, Noble AG, Rabiah P, McLeod R, Brézin A. Clinical manifestations of ocular toxoplasmosis. Ocular immunology and inflammation. 2011;19(2):91-102. [DOI:10.3109/09273948.2011.564068] [PMID]
28. Elsheikha HM, Marra CM, Zhu X-Q. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of cerebral toxoplasmosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2020;34(1): e00115-19. [DOI:10.1128/CMR.00115-19] [PMID] [PMCID]
29. Gazzinelli R, Denkers EY, Sher A. Host resistance to Toxoplasma gondii: model for studying the selective induction of cell-mediated immunity by intracellular parasites. Infectious agents and disease. 1993;2(3):139-49.
30. John B, Weninger W, Hunter CA. Advances in imaging the innate and adaptive immune response to Toxoplasma gondii. Future microbiology. 2010;5(9):1321-8. [DOI:10.2217/fmb.10.97] [PMID] [PMCID]
31. Buzoni‐Gatel D, Schulthess J, Menard LC, Kasper LH. Mucosal defences against orally acquired protozoan parasites, emphasis on Toxoplasma gondii infections. Cellular microbiology. 2006;8(4):535-44. [DOI:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00692.x] [PMID]
32. Dunay IR, Fuchs A, Sibley LD. Inflammatory monocytes but not neutrophils are necessary to control infection with Toxoplasma gondii in mice. Infection and immunity. 2010;78(4):1564-70. [DOI:10.1128/IAI.00472-09] [PMID] [PMCID]
33. Dunay IR, Sibley LD. Monocytes mediate mucosal immunity to Toxoplasma gondii. Current opinion in immunology. 2010;22(4):461-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.coi.2010.04.008] [PMID] [PMCID]
34. Pepper M, Dzierszinski F, Wilson E, Tait E, Fang Q, Yarovinsky F, et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells are activated by Toxoplasma gondii to present antigen and produce cytokines. The Journal of Immunology. 2008;180(9):6229-36. [DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.6229] [PMID] [PMCID]
35. Subauste C. Animal models for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Current protocols in immunology. 2012;96(1):19.3. 1-.3. 23. [DOI:10.1002/0471142735.im1903s96] [PMID]
36. Lambert H, Dellacasa-Lindberg I, Barragan A. Migratory responses of leukocytes infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Microbes and infection. 2011;13(1):96-102. [DOI:10.1016/j.micinf.2010.10.002] [PMID]
37. Denkers EY. Toll-like receptor-initiated host defense against Toxoplasma gondii. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2009;2010. [DOI:10.1155/2010/737125] [PMID] [PMCID]
38. Debierre-Grockiego F, Campos MA, Azzouz N, Schmidt J, Bieker U, Resende MG, et al. Activation of TLR2 and TLR4 by glycosylphosphatidylinositols derived from Toxoplasma gondii. The journal of immunology. 2007;179(2):1129-37. [DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.1129] [PMID]
39. Khan IA, Hwang S, Moretto M. Toxoplasma gondii: CD8 T cells cry for CD4 help. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology. 2019; 9:136. [DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2019.00136] [PMID] [PMCID]
40. Bhadra R, Gigley JP, Khan IA. The CD8 T-cell road to immunotherapy of toxoplasmosis. Immunotherapy. 2011;3(6):789-801. [DOI:10.2217/imt.11.68] [PMID] [PMCID]
41. Hunn JP, Koenen‐Waisman S, Papic N, Schroeder N, Pawlowski N, Lange R, et al. Regulatory interactions between IRG resistance GTPases in the cellular response to Toxoplasma gondii. The EMBO journal. 2008;27(19):2495-509. [DOI:10.1038/emboj.2008.176] [PMID] [PMCID]
42. Suzuki Y. Immunopathogenesis of cerebral toxoplasmosis. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2002;186(Supplement_2): S234-S40. [DOI:10.1086/344276] [PMID]
43. Suzuki Y. Factors determining resistance and susceptibility to infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Opportunistic Infections: Toxoplasma, Sarcocystis, and Microsporidia: Springer; 2004. p. 51-66. [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4020-7846-0_4] [PMCID]
44. Ybañez RHD, Ybañez AP, Nishikawa Y. Review on the current trends of toxoplasmosis serodiagnosis in humans. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2020; 10:204. [DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2020.00204] [PMID] [PMCID]
45. Liu Q, Wang Z-D, Huang S-Y, Zhu X-Q. Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and typing of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasites & vectors. 2015;8(1):1-14. [DOI:10.1186/s13071-015-0902-6] [PMID] [PMCID]
46. Robert-Gangneux F, Dardé M-L. Epidemiology of and diagnostic strategies for toxoplasmosis. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2012;25(2):264-96. [DOI:10.1128/CMR.05013-11] [PMID] [PMCID]
47. Ameri S, Sarveazad A, Meamar F, Attariani H. Toxoplasma gondii Could be a Problem in Diagnosis Scope? Current and Previous Diagnosis: A Narrative Review. International Electronic Journal of Medicine. 2019;8(1):12-6. [DOI:10.31661/iejm931]
48. Udonsom R, Buddhirongawatr R, Sukthana Y. Is Sabin-Feldman dye test using T. gondii tachyzoites from animal inoculation still the best method for detecting Toxoplasma gondii antibodies? Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health. 2010;41(5):1059.
49. Balsari A, Poli G, Molina V, Dovis M, Petruzzelli E, Boniolo A, et al. ELISA for toxoplasma antibody detection: a comparison with other serodiagnostic tests. Journal of clinical pathology. 1980;33(7):640-3. [DOI:10.1136/jcp.33.7.640] [PMID] [PMCID]
50. Seefeldt SL, Kirkbride CA, Dubey JP. Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, indirect fluorescent antibody test, and direct agglutination test for detecting Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in naturally aborted ovine fetuses. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 1989;1(2):124-7. [DOI:10.1177/104063878900100206] [PMID]
51. Magi B, Migliorini L. Western blotting for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Microbiologica-Quarterly Journal of Microbiological Sciences. 2011;34(1):93.
52. Pereira-Chioccola VL, Vidal JE, Su C. Toxoplasma gondii infection and cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected patients. Future microbiology. 2009;4(10):1363-79. [DOI:10.2217/fmb.09.89] [PMID]
53. [53]. Lin M-H, Chen T-C, Kuo T-t, Tseng C-C, Tseng C-P. Real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Toxoplasma gondii. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2000;38(11):4121-5. [DOI:10.1128/JCM.38.11.4121-4125.2000] [PMID] [PMCID]
54. Hill D, Dubey J. Toxoplasma gondii: transmission, diagnosis and prevention. Clinical microbiology and infection. 2002;8(10):634-40. [DOI:10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00485.x] [PMID]
55. Chatterton JM, Evans R, Ashburn D, Joss A, Ho-Yen D. Toxoplasma gondii in vitro culture for experimentation. Journal of microbiological methods. 2002;51(3):331-5. [DOI:10.1016/S0167-7012(02)00101-X]
56. Moura MdA, Amendoeira MRR, Barbosa HS. Primary culture of intestinal epithelial cells as a potential model for Toxoplasma gondii enteric cycle studies. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 2009; 104:862-4. [DOI:10.1590/S0074-02762009000600007] [PMID]
Send email to the article author
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
